The New Chinese Woodcut Movement, revolutionizing art as a voice

You wil examne your daily routine and determine the CO2 that you Research Paper

You wil examne your every day schedule and decide the CO2 that you produce subsequently - Research Paper Example Absorption and Breathing: we are educated at secondary school that we as a whole inhale to alive and carbon dioxide is the result of the procedure of breath. Remembering today’s socio-political structure we can say that humankind is viewed as the producer of carbon dioxide. The human populace present over the world delivers double the measure of carbon dioxide that is being created by all the traveler vehicles present in US by performing ordinary human exercises, for example, absorption and breathing (Carbon Dioxide, 2013). As per a Spanish report, every person produces around 2 tons of carbon dioxide during the procedure of assimilation (Muã ±oz, Canals, and Fernã ¡ndez-Alba, 2010). Every day an individual inhales around multiple times. The way toward breathing happens by the assistance of the respiratory framework. Each time an individual inhales he breathes in O2 and breathe out CO2, so one can dissect the enormous measure of CO2 that is transmitted by an individual consistently (Carbon discharges per individual, by nation, 2009). Something to think about: The ice chest which we use normally discharges huge measure of carbon dioxide however what is available inside isn’t any better. The food in absolute makes up about 1.3 to 1.4 huge amounts of carbon dioxide of our impressions, in a year. The food miles are the noticeable supporter of this. The transportation of the new vegetables and natural products gives them carbon dioxide impressions before they even reach to our homes. There are quarter of trucks present on the streets that convey crude material and nourishment for the food business. Anyway another issue is the developing and handling of food. Warming nurseries, fabricating composts and food handling are completely viewed as significant vitality customers. It is most likely viewed as more advantageous advance to purchase green tomatoes from Spain than purchasing the ones developing in UK nurseries with heaps of manures in it. Devouring Electricity: consuming petroleum derivative emanates a lot of carbon dioxide. Coal discharge twofold measure of

How to Summarize the Essay

How to Summarize the EssayYou want to write an essay with a specific purpose, but you are unsure how to do so? Then you need to find out how to summarize the essay in advance so that it can be ready when you have the necessary ideas.Most writing manuals will provide some practice samples of essays that you can use as guides when you begin to write your own. By reading over these samples, you will see exactly what they need and look for as you make your own.However, this is just a guide, and the key is to stick to the general rules and strategies that were used to generate these examples. Although many writers do find they make some mistakes, you want to avoid repeating these mistakes. Also, keep in mind that these were only practices, so you may need to modify them somewhat to produce your own.The first thing you need to do when you are trying to summarize the essay is to write a summary of the main points in the essay. It does not matter whether you use one or two sentences, but it is best to find a single sentence that summarizes the main idea of the essay. In general, try to think of three things that you would want to emphasize about the essay before you take the time to write it.This will help you to highlight the major points of the essay, as well as providing the reader with an idea of the overall theme of the essay. However, do not try to include a summary that includes too many details. If you do, it will be hard to remember what you wanted to say.Next, you should look at each section of the essay and look for key words that are used in several different parts of the essay. Try to use these key words throughout the essay, even if it means substituting one word for another. Many people use the same words throughout their essays, so it is important to find an alternative.You should also go back and look at the examples that have been provided, and find out which key words were used in each example. These may be words that you have not seen anywhere else in the essay, so they should be included.Finally, you will need to focus on summarizing the main idea of the essay. There are several ways that you can do this, and you need to consider all of them carefully. When you know how to summarize the essay in advance, you will be able to be ready when the need arises.

A Report On The Underground Railroad - 1259 Words

Tena Walker Mr. Steven McCall U.S. History I June 30, 2015 A Mysterious Train In The Night†¦The Underground Railroad One of the most talked about railroads in the history of the United States was never an actual railroad. â€Å"The Underground Railroad is every route that the enslaved took, or attempted to take to freedom. It is a vast network of paths and road, through swamps and over mountains, along and across rivers and by sea, that cannot be documented with precision [sic].† (Landau 71) The people helping lead the runaway slaves to freedom were called conductors and the houses where the runaway slaves stayed while on their journey to freedom were called stations. People who donated money to help the runaway slaves find freedom were called stockholders. The runaway slaves were the passengers. The success of the Underground Railroad depended on its ability to be an extremely secretive mission. As early as the 1500’s, slave hunters went to Africa, where they captured men and women, often branding them with hot irons befo re locking them in dungeons on ships and sailing them to the American colonies. Prisoners who managed to survive the 10 week trip were then sold as slaves to the American colonies. These slaves were first considered indentured servants destined to serve the people that purchased them for a certain amount of time, usually seven years. The state of Massachusetts passed a law in 1641 that allowed slavery of Africans. In 1639, Maryland passed a law that anyoneShow MoreRelatedBook Report for Underground Railroad1337 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Wang Mrs. Smart Book Report Midterm Report Underground Railroad Dramatic First-Hand Accounts 1. Alabama a. Narrative of Peter Still i. This narrative appears in stills Underground Railroad Records ii. One of the greatest documents of the underground railroad iii. The life, struggles, and success of Peter and his Family were ably brought before the public in â€Å"The Kidnapped and the Ransoms† iv. His Parents Levin and Sidney were bothRead MoreThe Underground Railroad : The United States History1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe Underground Railroad is a popular topic in United States history, but many of the stories told about it are more myth than fact. Quilts have been often used as a symbol in children s picture books to further the understanding of one of the darkest periods of United States history: slavery. Parents and teachers have eagerly embraced these illustrated books as a way to understand and teach past turmoil. Many of these books suggest that people who participated in the Underground Railroad used quiltsRead MoreThe Life Of A Woman Harriet Tubman1404 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Tubman suffered but also those who suffered and died in the quest from slavery to freedom. This small yet powerful book of 22 chapters, takes us as passengers on this fictitious railroad, that was truly a historical pathway. While the Underground Railroad must not be seen as an actual railroad underground, it was a secret organization that the slaves would use to escape and that it was a series of paths through land and sea routes so that runaway slaves could become free. If one were to visualizeRead MoreA Brief Look at the Underground Railroad1335 Words   |  5 Pages For 300 years captured slaves in the United States had no hope for freedom. In the 1800s everything changed when the Underground Railroad had gone into effect as the system kept on growing and there were more than 100,000 slaves escaped from the South and gained their freedom. The journey for a slave to gain freedom was difficult and dangerous under the circumstances in the nineteenth century. Not even slave owners were looking for fugitive slaves, governments also imposed laws to restricted theRead MoreUnderground Railroad State Marker At O Dell s Mill Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesSite 1: Underground Railroad State Marker at O Dell s Mill. The mill was the site where local the di vided parties of Kentucky raiders re-assembled and were surrounded and confronted by abolitionists who convinced the raiders to go to plead their case before the court in Cassopolis. The marker summarizes local historical involvement in the Underground railroad leading up to the Civil War. Site 2: Site not yet researched. Site 3: Birch Lake Cemetery and Meeting House. This is the Quakers’Read MoreEssay on Slavery - Underground Rail Road630 Words   |  3 Pages The underground railroad was a network of northerners that helped slaves reached the north and Canada for safety from their plantation. It was secret and railway terms were used to describe system as a way to hide the real nature of the operation. The underground railroad extended from Maine to Nebraska but was most concentrated in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indian, New York, and The New England States. More of the more specific spots were Detroit, Michigan, Erie, Pennsylvania, Buffalo and New York. Read MoreHarriet Tubman Essay586 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst stop. Then she was taken to Pennsylvania. She settled down in Philadelphia. In Philadelphia, she met William Still, The Philadelphia stationmaster of the Underground Railroad. Still and other members of the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery society, taught Harriet of the Underground Railroad. In 1851, Harriet, started relocating members of her family to her new home, at St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada West. In all she is beleived to have conductedRead MoreEssay African Americans in the Civil War 504 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Union. At the battle of Port Hudson they fought over open ground. They didnt win but they proved that they could fight. Many slaves escaped from the South on the Underground Railroad. Estimated at about 100,000 had escaped using the Railroad. Harriet Tubman was one of many who helped free slaves on the Underground Railroad. She made 13 trips, freeing about 70 slaves. Canada was popular for slaves to go to because once they got out of the country they couldnt be brought back. Many wouldRead MoreDoes Black Architecture Exist?1653 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation with others. I am doing a study on black architecture because many people believe that there is no such thing because no one hardly ever acknowledge them. I am including one reports/essays and two articles to show my research on the existence of African-American architects and their architecture. The report/essay â€Å"Hampton University Brings Color to Architecture† was written by Shannon Chance and published on the 8th of August in 2007. The article â€Å"Tuskegee University Robert R. Taylor SchoolRead MoreSigns, Symbols and Signals of the Underground Railroad Essay3216 Words   |  13 PagesSigns, Symbols and Signals of the Underground Railroad A journey of hundreds of miles lies before you, through swamp, forest and mountain pass. Your supplies are meager, only what can be comfortably carried so as not to slow your progress to the Promised Land – Canada. The stars and coded messages for guidance, you set out through the night, the path illuminated by the intermittent flash of lightning. Without a map and no real knowledge of the surrounding area, your mind races before you

The Criminal Justice System Is Viewed As A Black Problem

The current crime and incarceration trends have declined since early 1990s, which in part is due to the current reforms that takes place within the criminal justice system, such as early release dates for drug charges and non-violent crimes (Mauer, 2011). The incarceration rates in the United States are â€Å"three to four times that of other industrialized nations,† and the punishment scale is viewed as â€Å"out of proportion to that of other industrialized nation† (Mauer, 2011). Mauer (2011) reported â€Å"in many respects the driving force of mass incarceration is the racial dynamic of criminal justice policy.† He points out that due to extreme incarceration rates among the African American community, the criminal justice system is viewed as a â€Å"black problem† (Mauer, 2011). At a national level, 80 percent of the populations incarcerated were of African American decent, which provides evidence that laws can be discriminatory (Mauer, 2011). The current crime and incarceration trend makes sense to me somewhat, and it also makes me uneasy. In my opinion, it makes no sense to keep individuals with drug related charges incarcerated for 24 years, which was the sentence Kemba Smith initially received (Mauer, 2011). I agree with the early release of drug and non-violent offenders, if they have been rehabilitated through education. I believe some crimes are committed based on the social learning theory. If someone has been taught to make a quick hustle versus gaining employment thatShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1512 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough saying the criminal justice system is racist is a controversial statement, there is evidence and statistics that prove it to be true. Research and evidence validate the issue of racism to be undeniable. Equality and justice are out of reach with the racism that takes place in our criminal justice system and our country. Racial discrimination i s prevalent amongst the African American culture in issues regarding drug use, and incarceration which creates unfair inequality for this race. I willRead MoreRace and Crime1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe Uniform Crime Report statistics state that blacks are more frequently arrested than whites. While this may mean that blacks actually commit more crime, what are some other factors that may be driving the statistics? If black neighborhoods are under more police surveillance than white neighborhoods, what does this mean for crime statistics? Can you give examples of how blacks receive differential treatment in the criminal justice system? What are your thoughts? Remember to back your commentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Race On America Today1429 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversies surrounding the United states Justice System have been making the news headlines. What Americas are seeing is institutional inequalities that are creating racial conflict. 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In other words, rac ial profiling is the by-product of subjecting individuals who are from a particular racial community to a higher degree of scrutiny and surveillance by criminal justice system agents when compared to other racial communities (Wortley and Owusu-Bempah, 2011, p.135)Read MoreHow unfair the justice system is in regards to race and the results of it.1743 Words   |  7 Pageshave higher arrest and conviction rates, face higher bail amounts, and are more often the victims of police use of deadly force than white citizens. When it comes to criminals, many people have a preconception of what a criminal is. Usually when people think of a criminal they picture a Black or Latino face. The thought of an Asian criminal is often related to Asian gangs. 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Lunch Box Restaurant Case Study Free Sample Solution

Questions: ScenarioCase Study: Lunch Box RestaurantLunch Box is a small restaurant located in a busy area of Canary Wharf right in the middle of busy offices and providing different types of food items including packed (ready to go) and prepared on order. The restaurant serves Mediterranean, Italian and Indian food. Since the restaurant is located in a busy area where people from different cultures visit to buy food. The restaurant has no seating area therefore it operates only on take away basis. Though restaurant holds a good reputation however new entrants, presence of large number of other restaurants and no seating area are some of the key limitation which is effecting on the business profitability. In order to grow profitability the restaurant has conducted a survey which revealed that most of the customer would like to have food delivered in their offices so they dont need to leave their workplace. On the basis of survey results the Lunch Box Restaurant management is interested in E-Comm erce system which would enable their customers to select/choose food for their lunch and to be delivered to their offices. 1. Critically discuss the expectations of internet customers who are interested to place their lunch orders online for Lunch Box Restaurant.2. Determine the relevant e-Commerce application for the Lunch Box Restaurant and critically assess the potential impact of common e-Commerce applications on Lunch Box Restaurant. 3. Plan an E-Commerce implementation strategy for the Lunch Box Restaurant. 4. Critically assess the risks of linking business systems to the internet. 5. Explain the importance of protecting the intellectual property of an organisation.6. Critically discuss what security measures Lunch Box Restaurant need to take in order to protect its e- Commerce system. 7. Critically evaluate latest e-Commerce developments and assess how these developments can be incorporated into an e-Commerce strategy for the Lunch Box Restaurant. Answers: Introduction: Current business trends are showing that use of E-commerce activities is increasing in every sector and even the small and medium organizations are showing preference towards these applications (Cordella et al., 2015). Franklin (2015) opined that, tendency of giving preference to online trading is not limited among business management units; buyers are also interested to get such facilities. However, importance of E-commerce is increasing rapidly and more organizations are shifting to online trading from conventional business activities. The current report deals with discussion on need for implementing E-commerce activities in Lunch Box, a small restaurant at Canary Wharf. Strategies for implementation of E-commerce in the restaurant are also discussed in this report. 1. Expectations of internet customers for Lunch Box restaurant: Lunch box is situated in a busy office area. Every day the restaurant requires serving large number o customers. However, the restaurant has no place where its customers can seat. It indicates that customers of this organization need to spend significant time for buying food. On other hand, as most of its customers work in office, it is not possible for them to wait for long time. There are other restaurants present in that area and the number of new restaurants is increasing continuously. Current analysis shows that the market is highly competitive in nature and competition will increase in future also. Kwok et al. (2015) opined that organizations operating in competitive market face more difficulty for retaining its clients. According to Kim (2013) business growth and presence of infrastructure are directly related. Lack of infrastructure is also affecting business growth for Lunch Box. However survey among customers is showing that the organization will be able to increase revenue if it can deliver foods to customers at their offices. As most of the customers work in office, making an order using internet will be easy for them. If they do not need to go outside for taking lunch, they will be able to save valuable time during office hours. The current analysis reflects that customers of Lunch Box need an online platform where they will be able to order foods. The platform will also be able to accept payments made by customers. Moreover, it will provide customers with updated information regarding menus and will collect their feedback on products. In case of any internet application, security is the most important factor (Franklin and Spinler, 2011).Lunch Box management needs to ensure that their online s ystem is secured to attract its clients. 2. E-Commerce applications for Lunch box: Lunch Box management is implementing e-business infrastructure to serve its customers more efficiently. Most of the customers of this restaurant are office- worker and they want foods to be served in less time. Analyzing requirements of customers, Lunch box management can include features of online shopping, communication interface, e-payment facilities and newsgroups. Online shopping and payment: Online platform of Lunch Box restaurant should include the features of online ordering and online payments. Laudon and Traver (2012) stated that organizations which conduct trading activities on internet has excellent opportunity for informing buyers regarding their new product. Online ordering and payment making facility can provide Lunch Box competitive advantages as it results time-efficient trading. The organization can use online shopping software to make the process simple. Newsgroup and communication interface: Online applications of Lunch Box should include features for informing customers about the items available in their restaurant. It is important to predict future market trend for attaining sustainable growth rate (Wipo.int, 2015). However, the online portal needs to possess the feature of collecting customer feedbacks. As the restaurant operates in highly competitive environment, it needs to modify existing business strategies to acquire more shares in market. Collection and analysis of customer feedbacks is beneficial for any organization as it provides hints regarding future consumer requirements (Xu, 2012).Collection of customer feedbacks can be useful for the restaurant to make efficient strategies in future. On other hand, communicating with buyers on regular basis also helps companies to develop their future business strategies ().Lunch Box management may include the facility of communicating with its customers through email in their online business platform. Regular communication with customers will not only benefit Lunch Box in strategy development, but it will also increase loyalty of customers to the restaurant. New product development and implementing innovation is existing product also play important roles in business growth (Wang and Chang, 2013). If Lunch Box keeps regular contact wit h its customers, it can collect their suggestion on menu. It will also benefit the organization in product development and innovation implementation. Lunch box portal will contain feature of collecting customer feedback. Although customer feedback is valuable for a business, purposely made wrong feedbacks can affect reputation of an organization (Douligeris, 2013).Lunchbox management can face such problems also. Loss of security during online payments is one of the major threats for internet trading (Clarke, 2013). If the system made by Lunch Box fails to provide secured transaction, people will not be interested to use it. It can reduce number of online customers and thus can affect overall business growth. 3. E-commerce strategy for Lunch Box: Before implementing E-commerce site, Lunch Box management requires developing proper strategies for increasing effectiveness of the whole process. Areas which require intense focus while developing strategies are-online shopping and payment, access to data, data storage and data analysis. Online ordering and making payments strategy: Controlled access and use of software: E-commerce site developed by Lunch Box need to include interface for making orders through internet. This interface will also be used for making payments. Management requires ensuring that only authorized persons are able to use it. However, the process of accessing this interface will be simple and user friendly. Task of collecting payments will be conducted by proper software. User-account creation using simple form: Although it is important to make the user interface secured, customers always prefer simple system for online business (Clarke, 2015). Lunch box management can enable customers to create their own accounts. The site may contain a form for account creation. After creating an account successfully, it will be accessed by using user Id and password. Guide lines, terms and conditions will also be in the site for increasing simplicity. Feedback collection and communication strategy: Use of e-mail and newsgroup: As the new online platform is being implemented to meet customers requirement, their feedbacks will be given maximum importance in this site. Lunch Box management can create newsgroup for communicating with customers. Use of newsgroup will allow the customers to communicate among them. It will be beneficial for the organization to attract new customers. The organization also requires maintaining a database to store collected data. The database will be linked with logistics system to improve quality of service. Data analysis by experts: To maximize the usefulness of e-commerce system, Lunch Box management requires analyzing collected data through the system. The management can execute this task by experts to get accurate information. Proper data analysis will be helpful for business strategy development. 4. Risks of E-commerce: Although use of E-commerce facilities is increasing rapidly, its effectiveness is still limited by security issues (Ancona, 2015). Risk factors which may affect efficiency of internet trading system of Lunch Box can broadly be classified in two categories- data security risks and technological risks. Data security risks: Information security threats for a business include hacking into companys system and stealing important information on customers or products (Deng and Zhang, 2014).However, these threats also include violation of intellectual property and copyright rules. As organizations invest large amount of their capital on product development violation of intellectual property rights can cause huge loss for it (Douligeris, 2013).Clarke (2015) opined that in case of restaurants, product innovation can be considered as the most important part of strategy. It also indicates that Violation of intellectual property can affect profit earned by Lunch Box. Apart from security threats, efficiency of online activities can be reduced by technological risks (Wilson, 2015).Incidents of server crashing not only restricts an organization from conducting business activities; it also reduces reliability of system to users. If Lunch Box links its business activities to internet, incidents of server crashing can reduce effectiveness of online platform. However, the organization requires ensuring that bandwidth used by this system is sufficient so that large number of customers can use it. Internet connections with narrow bandwidth often face problems caused by huge traffic in system (Zou and Seo, 2015). As Lunch Box management is focusing on increasing online interaction with customers, it is expected that the system will include various features. Lunch Box management need to focus on maintaining quality of software as presence of errors in software can restrict users from using every feature.Management of the restaurant is planning for making business strategies according to buyers feedback. Lunch Box management will maintain databases for this purpose. However, number of transactions per day through this system will be very high. As a result, database of this company needs to be updated regularly to avoid erroneous results. However the organization also needs to integrate its operational and supply chain activities with the system through database. If the database is not updated regularly, products can become out of stock and it will reduce customer satisfaction. Lunch Box management can collect personal information regarding customers including name, address, and contact number a s a part of their business communication. Security loss of such sensitive data can reduce buyers trust on the organization severely and occurrence of such cases impacts on long term business growth (Zhong, 2013). Although data collection about customers is important for business growth, Lunch Box management requires emphasizing to protecting sensitive data for avoiding long term business issues. Technological risks: Yang and Ma (2013) stated that utilization of any software can be optimized by using advanced hardware systems. Use of roper hardware is necessary for E-commerce sites as software used by such system are highly advanced and complex (www.ids.ac.uk, 2015). It indicates that the E-commerce system used by Lunch Box can face threats due to poor hardware system and it will make the whole system inefficient. Lunch Box is a small restaurant and it is expected that initially the organization will depend on its ISP (Internet Service Provider) for managing online activities. According to Zhang (2012) excessive dependence on external agencies can make organizational processes slow. If the restaurant implements E-commerce infrastructure, scope of business will become wide. Lunch Box management needs to give importance on developing their own team to support IT operations in future. 5. Importance of protecting Intellectual property: Although intellectual property (IP) is important for all businesses, it is more important in e-commerce activities (Wilson, 2015). Implementation of online business infrastructure requires use of several hardware and software components-business software, user interfacing system, networking system etc. If organizations do not restrict other companies from using these components, profitability will reduce (Wang and Chang, 2013). It will also lead to loss of security and unauthorized access of secret information. As Lunch Box has large number of competitors, it will focus on securing IP rights while developing e-business infrastructure. Organizations operating in e-business environment use trademark and logos. Use of logo is not only useful for distinguishing an organization from its competitors; often it represents goodwill of a company in market. Lunch Box management needs restricting unauthorized use of its logo for developing their brand identity in market. However, the organizatio n also requires registering the domain name used by their system to restrict misuse of their goodwill in market. 6. Security measures for Lunch Box: Analysis on possible threats for upcoming e-commerce site of Lunch Box indicates that the organization requires adopting several security measures as a part of their business transformation process. Although implementing proper security is crucial for smooth execution of online transactions, these measures can be implemented by using simple guidelines (Qi et al., 2013). However, Lunch Box management can develop their own policies for securing online activities. The basic policies for secured e-commerce site development include creating separate accounts for each customer and developing password policies, using encrypted data, increasing awareness among customers, using wallet software for payment. Access to customer account and password policies: Each customer of Lunch Box needs to be able to make an account using site for accessing e-business facilities. These accounts can be accessed only using right User ID and password. Management can develop own rules for creating passwords. Use of specific rules regarding password development ensures generation of complex passwords and it reduces chances of account hacking (Millman, 2011).Management of Lunch Box may require creation of employee accounts also. It is important to change password when an employee leaves the restaurant to prevent loss of secured data. Data encryption: E-commerce site of Lunch Box needs storing large amount of data. However, the management can store data in encrypted form. If the data is stored in encrypted form, use of private information can be prevented even the data is accessed by unauthorized person (Johannesson, 2011). However, management must ensure that the encryption key is secured to maximize the efficiency of data storage. Increasing awareness among customers: Apart from developing organizational policies, making customers aware about safe payment policies is equally important for maintaining security of system (Humphrey et al. 2015).Lunch Box management can add a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) page in site for guiding customers regarding safe payment practices. This page can also contain information to guide customers while retrieving User ID or password. Use of Online wallets: Use of online wallets for making payment not only makes the process simpler, but it also makes it secured (Heeks, 2015).Lunch Box management can also use online wallet software to make the payment system more efficient. However, the organization can also communicate with customer before making any payment for increasing security. 7. Evaluation and implementation of E-commerce strategies for Lunch Box: Analysis on current e-commerce developments indicates that use of mobile friendly site is increasing rapidly. Organizations are also using SEO (Search Engine Optimization) techniques along with conventional marketing strategies to attract traffic. However, the trend of providing free delivery of services is also escalating. Lunch Box management can use these trends in their strategies. Use of mobile-friendly site: As the number of hand-held devices increasing, development of mobile friendly site increases its accessibility (Fredriksson, 2015). As customers of Lunch Box need fast process, making mobile friendly e-commerce site will lead to increase in number of users. However, it may increase the cost of site development also. Using SEO techniques: According to Bertarelli, (2014) organizations require seeking new opportunities for business expansion. Although Lunch Box is currently a small organization, it has enough opportunities to grow. Use of SEO techniques in site will allow the company to attract customers of different localities also. Free shipping facility: In case of E-commerce, use of free shipping process increases the number of customers (Boyd and Simpson, 2013). Lunch Box management can easily implement this trend into their strategy for increasing sale of products. As the organization is currently operating in a small locality, strategy of providing free delivery will be feasible also. Conclusion: Discussion made in the current report indicates that Lunch Box managemet needs using e-commerce site immediately to attain better position in market. Although it operates in a small market, use of e-commerce can develop opportunities for entering into new markets. However, at initial phase, Lunch Box management can face some difficulties make the system secured. References Ancona, A. (2015). Intellectual Property And E-Commerce. [online] Available at: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sme/en/wipo_wasme_ipr_ge_03/wipo_wasme_ipr_ge_03_13-main1.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Bertarelli, S. (2014). On the efficacy of imperfect public-monitoring of seller reputation in e-commerce. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. Boyd, C. and Simpson, L. (2013). Information security and privacy. Berlin: Springer. Clarke, C. (2015). Intellectual Property, E-Commerce, Competition Policy, And Internet Governance. [online] Available at: https://www.wgig.org/docs/book/C_Trevor_Clarke%20.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Clarke, R. (2013). Data Risks in the Cloud. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 8(3), pp.9-10. Cordella, A., Martin, A., Shaikh, M. and Smithson, S. (2015). Management and innovation of e-business. [online] Available at: https://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sites/default/files/programme_resources/lse/lse_pdf/subject_guides/is3167_ch1-4.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Deng, X. and Zhang, J. (2014). Differentiating the Effects of Internet Usage and Wireless Usage on Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer E-commerce. Journal of Internet Commerce, 13(2), pp.138-157. Douligeris, C. (2013). Collaborative, trusted and privacy-Aware e/m-Services. Berlin: Springer. Franklin, J. (2015). International Intellectual Property Law. [online] Available at: https://www.asil.org/sites/default/files/ERG_IP.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Franklin, R. and Spinler, S. (2011). Shared Warehouses Sharing Risks and Increasing Eco-efficiency. International Commerce Review, 10(1), pp.22-31. Fredriksson, T. (2015). E-commerce and Development Key Trends and Issues. [online] Available at:https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/wkshop_apr13_e/fredriksson_ecommerce_e.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Heeks, R. (2015). Analysing E-Commerce for Development. [online] Available at: https://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di_sp04.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Humphrey, J., Mansell, R., Par, D. and Schmitz, H. (2015). The Reality of E-commerce with Developing Countries. [online] Available at: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3710/1/The_reality_of_e-commerce_with_developing_countries.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Johannesson, J. (2011). Business growth in a tough economy. International Journal of Business Competition and Growth, 1(3), p.231. Kim, D. (2013). Under what conditions will social commerce business models survive?. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(2), pp.69-77. Kwok, S., Yang, C. and Tam, K. (2015). Intellectual property protection for electronic commerce applications. [online] Available at: https://web.csulb.edu/journals/jecr/issues/20041/Paper1.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Laudon, K. and Traver, C. (2012). E-Commerce 2013. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Millman, C. (2011). E-Commerce Adoption by Micro Firms. International Journal of Online Marketing, 1(2), pp.1-23. Qi, E., Shen, J. and Dou, R. (2013). Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Heidelberg: Springer. Uesugi, S. (2013). IT enabled services. Vienna: Springer. Wang, J. and Chang, C. (2013). How online social ties and product-related risks influence purchase intentions: A Facebook experiment. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(5), pp.337-346. Wang, J. and Chang, C. (2013). How online social ties and product-related risks influence purchase intentions: A Facebook experiment. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(5), pp.337-346. Wilson, P. (2015). An overview of developments and prospects of e-commerce in the agricultural sector. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/e-commerce/report.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Wipo.int, (2015). Understanding How Intellectual Property (IP) Relates to E-Commerce. [online] Available at: https://www.wipo.int/sme/en/e_commerce/ip_ecommerce.htm [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. www.ids.ac.uk, (2015). E-Commerce: Accelerator Of Development?. [online] Available at: https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/PB14.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Xu, P. (2012). Information on Risks and Prevention of the Supply Chain in E-Commerce Environment. AMR, 605-607, pp.493-496. Yang, Y. and Ma, M. (2013). Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Green Communications and Networks 2012 (GCN 2012). Berlin: Springer. Zhang, W. (2012). Software engineering and knowledge engineering: Theory and Practice. Berlin: Springer. Zhong, S. (2013). Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Cybernetics and Informatics. New York, NY: Springer. Zou, P. and Seo,, Y. (2015). Effective applications of e-commerce technologies in construction supply chain: current practice and future improvement. [online] Available at: https://www.itcon.org/data/works/att/2006_10.content.07939.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015].

Langston Hughes’s “Theme for English B” and Claude Mckay’s “America the Black Americans Dual Identity Essay Example

Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Theme for English B† and Claude Mckay’s â€Å"America: the Black Americans Dual Identity Essay African American Literature can often be characterized by having a dual identity, especially in the early to mid-twentieth century. This dual reality is reflective of the African American’s heritage and present circumstances. With a heritage of forced immigration into the country, and limited rights and racism after slavery is abolished, there is a borderline pride and hatred. It is very possible to have both of these feelings, and authors reveal this confusing notion through the expression of poetry. Yes, the writers are proud of being Americans, but at the same time, are always conscience of the fact that in the land of opportunity, the color of their skin will perhaps always be not only noticed but also will limit them and their children. There are many texts that portray this dual identity of the African American, including Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Theme for English B† and Claude McKay’s â€Å"America†. Through â€Å"Theme for English B† Hughes explores his mixed identity: â€Å"So will my page be colored that I write? Being me, it will not be white† (26-27). We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Theme for English B† and Claude Mckay’s â€Å"America: the Black Americans Dual Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Theme for English B† and Claude Mckay’s â€Å"America: the Black Americans Dual Identity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Theme for English B† and Claude Mckay’s â€Å"America: the Black Americans Dual Identity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Before this, he identifies himself as the only black student in his class, which seems to be away from Harlem, and that he resides in Harlem. He spends his time both in the majority black Harlem, but he is learning in a mostly white area, from white professors. He hears both Harlem and New York, and therefore can identify with the black (Harlem) and the larger picture of New York (America). He explains this is part of being American, different and yet working together, if not for the benefit of each other, then for the benefit of the country. He understands that his professor and himself often â€Å"don’t want to be a part† (35) of each other, but neither of them have a choice. I think that it is important to note that Hughes emphasizes his own unwillingness to be a part of the white man This may reflect the forced immigration of slavery, or simply his own deterrence away from â€Å"whiteness†, even though it is necessary for him to achieve his education. McKay has a much bitterer viewpoint of his America. The poem â€Å"America†, as compared to â€Å"Theme for English B† has a much darker and critical tone of America, beginning with the first line â€Å"Although she feeds me bread of bitterness†(1). Starting off the poem like this immediately creates the feeling of paradox that McKay is trying to convey. Although the speaker is being fed, it is with foul tasting nourishment, not the kind that you would expect in the United States. The paradox is further heightened through the idea of life and death occurring simultaneously: Stealing my breath of life, I will confess I love this cultured hell that steals my youth† (3-4). A â€Å"cultured hell† is an interesting phrase to use because it is so unexpected. It highlights the culture of America, perhaps both of black and white culture that is creating such a tumultuous environment. But, I doubt that this would be any better than an uncultured hell. It is this country that creates and destroys, loves and hates at the same time. It is in this paradox of impossibilities that unlocks multiple possibilities. It is all of this confusion and acknowledgement of inequality that creates the speaker â€Å"strength against her hate† (6). But this one man going against the country and the culture of hate and appeasement of that hate can hardly make a dent if â€Å"Her bigness sweeps me like a flood† (7). The stand that the speaker is taking against and for the country may not be going anywhere, but the can see a time in the future where â€Å"beneath the touch of Time’s unerring hand, like priceless treasures sinking in the sand† (13-14) America’s current culture would be buried. Although this can be interpreted as the downfall of the country, I see it as the downfall of the current culture of America. This is not an anti-America poem, but rather one dedicated to a better one, and towards the construction of a culture that embraces all Americans.

AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup The WritePass Journal

The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup Abstract The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup ) Zimbabwe, in particular, has been worst hit by the HIV epidemic with more than 27% of the adult population diagnosed with HIV in 1997. Currently though, the prevalence rates have reduced significantly to 14% of the adult population (National AIDS Council, 2012). However, this decline is largely attributed to the significant number of deaths of people with HIV. Persistent political turmoil and the resultant economic decline have further contributed to the literal collapse of the Zimbabwean health care system. The failure of the Public health care system has cast the major burden of health care provision to private agencies, NGOs and Home based care has become the indispensible and only feasible model under the prevailing circumstances. Statistics suggest that of the 35,000 children in the country that needed ‘Antiretroviral Therapy’ (ART) only 17,000 have had access to the drugs (UNICEF, 2009). Though the availability of ART has vastly improved from just 15% in 2007 to around 80% by 2010, (National AIDS Council, 2011) there is still a huge unmet demand. Zimbabwean government’s opposing attitude towards NGOs and its accusations about the NGO funds being used for anti governmental activities has further limited the already strained financial aid flowing into the country for AIDS care.   Amidst these tiring circumstances, family based care giving has become the central strategy for the national HIV/AIDS management programs.   This paper attempts to study the impact of HIV/AIDS care delivered in the family based setting and how such care provision affects the care giver.   In particular, this paper strives to highlight the issues such as the psychosocial impact on caregivers and using the caregiver’s views assesses their coping and support mechanisms. Home Based Care A brief outlook into what constitutes home based care is appropriate before we proceed further. The World Health Organization defines home based care as â€Å" a programme that through regular visits, offers health care services to support the care process in the home environment of the person with HIV infection. Home visits may be the only service provided or be part of an integrated programme which offers the patient and his/her family services in the home, hospital and community†. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare,(2004). From the definition it is clear that home based care is considered a holistic care solution that addresses the needs of both the care receiver as well as the care giver. This understanding is crucial for the successful implementation of the home based care delivery model. Literature Review Family based care provision is proving to be the important model in the delivery of care to chronic illnesses such as AIDS. Particularly in Zimbabwe, where decades of political and economic turmoil have weakened the health care system, the role of family based care provision could not be more emphasized. The political friction between the West and the Mugabe government, and the accusations about the political motives of the NGO operations in the country, led to a sharp decline in the active healthcare interventions in the country.   NGO funding to Zimbabwe for its healthcare programmes reached a record low in 2006. During this year, the average aid money for HIV care per person in Zimbabwe was limited to $ 4 which when compared to the average aid money allotted per person in Zambia ($184) is a meager amount (Matimba, 2010). However, since 2008, the aid to Zimbabwe is again on the rise with the USAID and DFID being the two key contributors. The USAID contributed 26.4 million in 2008 while the DFID pledged in 2010 to contribute $40 million over a five year period. Despite this the total aid money that Zimbabwe received for its HIV healthcare operations during this period is just one tenth of the aid money received by neighboring Zambia and one fourth that of the aid amount received by Namibia in the corresponding periods (AVERT, 2012). These statistics project the grim scenario from the financial standpoint in delivering HIV care in Zimbabwe where HIV has assumed endemic proportions. HIV being a chronic condition, patients have to undergo continuous care for a protracted period of time and the hospital setting cannot handle the enormous demand. Statistics suggest that in Zimbabwe roughly 70% of all hospital admissions are connected to HIV care.   Statistics also suggest that even a 5% increase in the number of HIV patients would result in a 25% increased demand for hospital beds. The figures indicate that hospitals, as care provision centers, for a country such as Zimbabwe where there is a swelling HIV population, is a highly unviable model and therefore community and home based care provision assume great significance.   The policy stance of the Zimbabwean government to promote home based care provision could be understood based on these ground realities. The Zimbabwean government has been actively promoting care giver training by employing community nurses as trainers for these family care givers. With funding limitations, even the training and support prov ided by the community nurses to the family care givers has been affected making them vulnerable to the enormous pressure of managing the care provision all by themselves (Matimba, 2010). National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004)   The enormity of the HIV problem and the limited nature of the government health care resources forced the home care system of care delivery in Zimbabwe. However, the quality of life of the HIV infected patient depends a lot on quality of the home care givers. In most cases these home based care providers have absolutely no training at all and even lack the knowledge to protect themselves from accidental exposure to HIV infection. To improve the quality of home based care delivery, support services must also be improved. With this in view the government of Zimbabwe set up the ‘National Community Home-Based Care Standards’ in 2004 that included the following important features Care and Support for patients and Family Team Service Provision Governance and Management Training , information and Education Monitoring and evaluation The main objective of establishing the standards for home based care delivery is to change home care from being perceived as a third rate care provision by improving its overall quality. It should be noted that Home care is not just about the patients but also about the care giver. The national standards for Home care therefore lay this stress on providing holistic care support through an established standard. The process involves training, education, monitoring and continuous evaluation.   The National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004)  neatly defines its purpose as â€Å"Provision of a support system through the development of strong partnerships with the community, family and patient, home-based caregivers, and the health system, thus assuring patients an acceptable quality of life until death†. (Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 2004). The definition also considers the aspects of support provided for the carer and other family members including   † emotional, spiritual and other psychosocial support, bereavement counseling, and other appropriate assistance that meets their special needs† (Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 2004).   Psychosocial Impact of Caregiving Literature is abound with studies that analyze the impact of care giving for a HIV patient, on the care-giver. Almost all of these studies indicate that care giving results in enormous psycho social impact on the provider. Typically, the family care giver maybe overcome with emotions ranging from , depression, anxiety, fear, anger , helplessness along with the overwhelming financial burden that is involved with HIV care provision. Lindsey et al., (2003) explored the effects of care giving on older and younger women in Botswana who were caring for family members with chronic HIV. The authors of the study identified that older women, in particular, were overwhelmed with the physical and mental demands of care giving. These women had to manage demanding tasks such as caring for the patient with frequent episodes of vomiting, incontinence and confusion. Care giving family women had to do all this along with their household chores and this creates enormous physical hardships not to mentio n the emotional drain. Furthermore, in many cases, care providing women are subjected to economic strains when the productive member of their family is affected by HIV (Lindsey et al., 2003). Another study by Ssengonzi (2007) explored the impact of care giving on Ugandan older women. The results of this study also chimed in with the findings of the previous study with the elderly Ugandan women reporting that care giving left them financially affected due to three main reasons The ill relatives and the consequent loss of family income the negative effect of care giving on the employment opportunities of the care provider Expenses incurred on procuring medicine for the patient under their care The care giving women also expressed social isolation as a result of their inability to participate in the usual social activities (Ssengonzi,2007). One study by Thomas F (2006) that assessed the impact of home based care giving for HIV patients in Namibia again reported that financial constraints due to care giving is a serious problem. This study collected information from both the patient as well as the care giver in the form of solicited diaries. The study found that the inability to provide for family created severe emotional strain for the care giver.   Significantly, the study also reported that the quality of care provision is affected over time when the worsening financial situation in the household coupled with the lack of recovery of the patient lead to escalating tensions and emotional upheavals in the house (Thomas F (2006). One urban study conducted in Kinshasa, the capital of the republic of Congo, involved self reported health and emotional status of 80 spouses and caregivers of HIV infected men in the region. What surprised the researchers was that despite this being an urban study with better hospitals and home care support networks, around 94% of the women caregivers expressed that care-giving was very difficult for them and 99% reported that it affected their social lives. Importantly, 90% of these women care givers stated that they were stigmatized by friends and their husband’s employers. This study clearly highlights that the stigma of AIDS care could further contribute to the emotional strain of HIV care.   As a revealing study on the psychosocial impact of care giving, this research found that 48% of these care providing women were so unhappy with their circumstances that they lost interest in their life and expressed the lack of interest and energy to continue. Furthermore, 94% of t hese women had some form of physical ailment including frequent headaches, fatigue, body pain, lack of appetite, anorexia, etc (Kipp et al., 2006). Studies done elsewhere in the developed countries also reflect similar feelings from the care givers. For instance one earlier study by Flaskerud Tabora (1998) based on low income female care givers in California who provided care for heterosexual and homosexual HIV patients attested to the findings from the African studies. These women expressed the same concerns as the previously listed studies including depression due to poor functional outcome of the patient, loneliness due to uncooperative and unsupportive friends and relatives, etc. Around 59% of the care giving women also reported that their physical health was affected considerably due to the prolonged period of care giving. Worn out by their care-giving duties these women were moody and even expressed their anger at the patients as their irresponsible behavior put them in this place. Last but not the least, the women subjects of this study welcomed being interviewed for the study as it provided an emotional vent for them to lay out their feelings which they could not so far share with anyone due to the absence of an appropriate support network. (Flaskerud Tabora, 1998). One recent South African study by Hlabyago et al. (2009) focused on one of the important problems faced by care givers of terminally ill HIV/AIDS patients. This problem is the caring for the orphaned children of the parents who succumbed to HIV. As per 2010 data, more than a third of the 50 million or more orphaned children in Sub Saharan Africa lost either one or both their parents to HIV.   Given the huge scale of the problem, this study by Hlabyago assumes great significance in terms of policy formulations and also with respect to assessing the impact on family caregivers. The researchers of this study employed one on one interview technique which sought answers to the following important question from the care givers – â€Å"Would you please tell me your experiences as a family caregiver concerning your care of the orphans?† (Hlabyago et al., 2009). The Interviews were conducted for nine subjects who were home caregivers recruited from the Hoekfontein Clinic in So uth Africa. The demographic details of the subjects were noted down.   Six out of the 9 (63%) care givers were grand mothers, 2 of them were aunties and one of them sister to the orphaned children. Thematic analysis of the data resulted in the observations that are listed in the following table. As could be inferred from the above results table, financial constrain is a major problem for care givers affecting 77% (7 out of 9) of the study subjects.   However, one concern that is uniformly expressed by all the care givers involved in the study was that of the existence of Bureaucratic difficulties and the lack of social support services. Though the government has programs to support orphans in the form of orphan grants, accessibility problems and processing delays and the lack of proactive approach within the social works departments hinder the outreach of such programs to the people. For instance, one of the caregiver, who was the grand mother of the orphaned child, expressed her helplessness stating, â€Å"I got the heart to help this child by applying for this orphan grant. I am still waiting for the money because it is not yet released. I sent the documents a long time ago. The social worker has since told me that they will send someone at home and I am still waiting. I wish that money can come so that I can save some for him (the orphan) because I am old – anytime I can die, you see†. (Hlabyago et al., 2009). The study also revealed that lack of support from family members is a pressing issue. One of the care giver subjects who were interviewed for the study reported that she received little support from her husband in taking care of the orphaned Children. â€Å"The day Johanna died he came and found me struggling with her, he came into the room and walked out, and when he came back again the child was already dead† (Hlabyago et al., 2009). Some of the care givers expressed concern about the rebellious attitude of the orphaned kids while some of them expressed concerns about the growing family conflicts due to the care giving. â€Å"I decided to take him in and care for him. I think that she (the orphan’s biological grandmother) is thinking that because I am receiving this child’s orphan grant, she is not sending anything for this child who is basically her responsibility† (Hlabyago et al., 2009).   The literature reviewed so far clearly highlighted that care giving for HIV patients could be a stressful event and debilitate the care giver in the absence of suitable support mechanisms. Methodology The following sections will revolve around a questionnaire based primary study in which 15 subjects who were care providers for HIV patients in Zimbabwe were provided with 6 questions with various choices and their answers analyzed for themes.   The choice of questionnaire was due to its informal nature and usefulness in gaining valuable data. The use of open ended questions helps in ascertaining more information from the subject whenever appropriate.   Though initially I had sent my questionnaires to 15 recipients only 10 of them returned the completed information. All the 10 subjects were properly apprised of the nature of the study. Though the respondents knew that the study was purely for academic purposes they were delighted in providing the valuable information for the study. All the subjects were assured of the confidentiality of their responses and that their responses would be used purely for academic knowledge improvement purposes. Thematic analysis was employed to disc ern useful themes and patterns about the various aspects of caregiving. Results The data from the questionnaires answered by the 10 subjects who participated in the study were analyzed to identify the emergent themes. In all, six questions with varied responses to each question were provided to the subjects. These questions were particularly relevant to understanding the wide impact that care giving has on the home based care providers. The results revealed some of the important psychosocial aspects of caregiving. The repetitive themes that were identified from the data attested to the key findings reported in the literature review early in this paper. These common themes suggest the need for urgent action. Care giving challenges The data from the questionnaires revealed some demographic profile about the subjects. Most of the carergivers in the study were relatives of the HIV Patient and on an average care provision period lasted between 2 and 3 years. 80% of the caregivers were elderly females. Economic difficulties dominated the challenges that were reported by the caregivers with almost 90% of the subjects reporting financial constrains as a serious issue involved in prolonged caregiving for the HIV patient.   As discussed earlier in the paper this may stem from loss of income if the patient was a productive member of the family. Caregivers are also constrained by the fact that they could not be gainfully employed when they are tied down with caring for the patient. One other important aspect pertaining to caregiving at home was the lack of adequate transport services. 80% of the caregivers opined that they find transporting the patient to the hospital during times of emergency a huge problem as the Ambulance services are not prompt. Subjects also complained that the ambulance services charge them for the fuel costs.  Ã‚   Most of the subjects stated that they took the responsibility of caregiving out of love and compassion to the patients. When asked about the support services that could have helped them a lot with their care giving almost all the subjects mentioned transportation as an important feature. 30% of the subjects felt that providing food care for the patients and opportunities for part time employment for themselves would have been greatly helpful.   40% of the caregivers also expressed their concern that the scarcity of water in rural Zimbabwe added more problems to them as they could not walk several kilometers to fetch water leaving their sick patients at home. This is a very relevant issue as Zimbabwe is one of the African countries that is hard hit by water crisis, and more often than not, functional borewells that are the only nearby sources of water would be several kilometers away. There were also concerns about the medication supply with 40% of the caregivers complaining about shortage and availability of ‘Anti retroviral Drugs’ at the local dispensary. The continuous availability of ART is critical for HIV patients in order to prolong their life. It was also interesting and informative to note down that 7 out of the 10 subjects felt that this small questionnaire project, though it was done for educational purposes, provided them with an opportunity to discuss the problems involved in care giving.   The seven care providers felt that the questionnaire provided them an emotional purge as they hsd not had a chance to discuss their difficulties with anyone else. They all felt that there was a complete lack of support mechanisms available for carers and that this made them feel helpless and emotionally dissipated time to time.   Conclusion Caregivers undergo enormous stress during the protracted period of care giving that is involved in managing a chronic HIV patient. Just as care givers provide so much of love, effort and care to the patients they look after, their needs should also be looked after. The psychological, spiritual and financial support that caregivers require are however largely unfulfilled. Especially when there is political and economical turmoil in a country, such as that seen in Zimbabwe, the needs of the home based care provider is more likely to be ignored. As the numerous studies that were discussed in the paper reported care givers are mostly women and predominantly elderly women. Reeling under enormous financial strain, compounded by the lack of support network, African women are forced to singlehandedly manage care delivery for the HIV patient and are stretched to breaking points. Stigmatization and social isolation that arise out of HIV care giving make them even more isolated and overwhelmed. The present study based on the information gathered from caregivers in Zimbabwe clearly highlights the plight of the caregivers. It is very clear that financial woes are among the most important to the caregiver, followed by the lack of support services. Zimbabwean government is unstable and social welfare programs are hardly functioning. Even for those support services that are maintained and run by the Government, bureaucratic difficulties have made them inaccessible and out of reach of the poor caregiver. Counseling support services for caregivers are distinctly lacking. Based on the opinion gathered from the study and other relevant literature, it is clear that holistic care as advocated in the National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004) is still far from reality.   There is clear indication that support networks do not exist or are inaccessible. Based on these findings this paper concludes that family based care givers are struggling without access to support services. A collaborative action involving government, NGOs and other health agencies is required to correct the defects. Home based carers should be trained, supported and counseled, and policy level initiative must be practically implemented. Only then could the quality of life for the patients as well as for the carers improve. Bibliography AVERT, (2012), HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe, viewed Jan 1st 2012, avert.org/aids-zimbabwe.htm#contentTable5 amfAR, (2012), Statistics Worldwide, viewed January 1st 2012 amfar.org/about_hiv_and_aids/facts_and_stats/statistics__worldwide/ Hlabyago KE Ogunbanjo GA (2009), The experiences of family care givers concerning their care of HIV/AIDS Orphans, SA FAM PRACT Vol 51, no 6 pg 506-511. Kipp W, Matakula Nkosi T, Laing L, Jhangri GS, (2006), Care burden and self-reported health status of informal women caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. AIDS Care, Oct; 18(7):694-7 Lindsey E, Hirschfelf M, Tlou S, Ncube E. (2003), Home based care in Botswana: experiences of older women and young girls. Health Care for Women International; 24: 486-501 Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, (2004), National Community Home based Care Standards, viewed Jan 1st 2012, jsieurope.org/docs/national_community_hbc_standard.pdf Natsayi Matinba, (2010), The Psycho Social impact of Care-Giving on the Family Care-Givers of Chronically ill AIDS/HIV Patients in Home based Care. Research Report, University of Witwatersrand, SA. National AIDS Council, (2011), UNAIDS highlights Zimbabwes progress in response to AIDS, viewed January 1st 2012, nac.org.zw/news/unaids-highlights-zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-progress-responding-aids-0 Ssengonzi R. J. (2007), The plight of older persons as caregivers to people infected/affected by HIV/AIDS: evidence from Uganda. J Cross Cult Gerontol; 22: 339-353 Thomas F. (2006), Stigma, fatigue and social breakdown: Exploring the impacts of HIV/AIDS on patient and carer well-being in the Caprivi Region, Namibia. Social Science and Medicine 63: 3174-3187 UNICEF, (2009), HIV and AIDS Issues, viewed January 1st 2012, unicef.org/zimbabwe/hiv_aids.html

Writing the Past BCâ€AD or BCEâ€CE - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Writing the Past BC–AD or BCE–CE Writing the Past: BC–AD or BCE–CE? History is big. Very big. This is why we have the terms â€Å"BC† and â€Å"AD,† as well as â€Å"BCE† and â€Å"CE,† which help us keep track of what happened when. But how exactly do these terms work? And which of BC–AD or BCE–CE should you use in your written work? Let’s find out! BC and AD The Bede being venerable. BC stands for â€Å"before Christ.† AD is short for the Latin term â€Å"anno Domini,† which means â€Å"in the year of the Lord.† They came into use thanks to two monks: Dionysius Exiguus (who coined the term â€Å"anno Domini†) and the Venerable Bede (who popularized it). They were originally invented to calculate the correct date of Easter, with AD 1 being the first year after Jesus was born. Today, historians use these terms to denote dates before (BC) and after (AD) the start of the Gregorian calendar, which is the calendar we still use today! The correct positioning for each of these terms is different. BC goes after the date: Julius Caesar was killed in 44 BC. But AD goes before the date: The Woodland period continued until around AD 1,000. Keep in mind that BC involves counting backwards from 1 (so 44 BC is 44 years before 1 BC), while AD involves counting forwards (so AD 1,000 is 1,000 years after AD 1). BCE and CE BCE stands for â€Å"before common era.† CE stands for â€Å"common era.† What is the common era? It’s exactly the same as the time period covered by AD! It therefore includes everything since the start of the Gregorian calendar, whereas BCE covers everything before then. These terms, then, work in exactly the same way as BC and AD. They were simply designed as a secular alternative. In practice, the only difference is that both go after the date: Julius Caesar was killed in 44 BCE. The Woodland period continued until around 1,000 CE. This does at least make it easier to remember the positioning for each term! Which Is Correct? Both! Sorry, not a very helpful answer, but it is true. As explained above, they work in essentially the same way, so the choice between them is largely a matter of preference. You may want to check your style guide if you have one available, since some colleges and publishers prefer one system over the other. And BCE–CE is sometimes considered more modern. If we had to choose, we’d say that BCE–CE is better because the positioning is simpler. But ultimately, it is up to you! The important thing is to pick one system and use it consistently throughout your document. Having your work proofread will make sure this is the case.

Data analysis Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Data analysis - Speech or Presentation Example (iv) In a random sample of 100 students at a particular university, 60 indicated that they favoured having the option of receiving pass-fail grade for elective courses. Obtain a 90% confidence interval for the proportion of the population of students who favour pass-fail grades for elective courses. Does this confidence interval contain the value? Explain why this particular value might be of interest. (i) Suppose 16 tax returns are randomly sampled by the Australian Taxation Office from the population of 1987 tax returns with adjusted gross income between $25000 and $30000. The interest deductions (in $) claimed on the returns are as follows: In 1980 the average interest deductions for individuals in this tax bracket was $3011. Do the sample data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that in 1987 the average interest deduction claimed by taxpayers in this income bracket was different from 1980? Use. State all the assumptions you need to perform the test. Assuming that the sample comes from a normal population. Since, the population standard deviation is unknown, therefore using t-distribution to perform the test. The hypothesis test will one sample mean vs. hypothesized value two tail test. (ii) An economist claims that the unemployment rate for non-English speaking individuals in New York City is at least 30%. In a random sample of 400 non-English speaking residents of New York City, 90 are unemployed. (iii) Twenty babies are randomly selected for an experiment to determine if different brands of baby food affect a child’s weight. The babies are separated into 5 groups, and each group is fed a different diet. The weight gained in pounds by each baby after being on the diet four months is recorded in the following table: Use a 1% level of significance level to test if the type of diet affects weight gain. Clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses and state all the necessary assumptions

Fish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fish - Essay Example The success of tilapia fishing has been its profitable aspect due to its omnivorous feeding habits, its rapid growth that allow high populations in the ponds, its high tolerance level allows the species to be harvested in large quantity (Halweil and Mastny, 56). The reason for tilapia farming is that its farming helps in the acquirement of Omega 6 and Omega 3 that are so important in the human body. Tilapia farming has also helped to reduce the disease occurrence of the fish species. Tilapia population in the world is around 1,500000 metric tonnes. Trout fish are a native fish of the north west America parts, but in the recent days they have been introduced into the rest of the world. The most cultivated trout are the rainbow trout due to its hardy species. It has been a successful farming because of the tolerability of the fish species in a wide range of temperatures (0-27ÌŠ C), trout fish are also farmed due to their ability to survive in fresh water. The population of trout in Britain is 16000 tonnes each year. The farming of trout in ponds and cages in the world has really helped in controlling its wild population because wild trout help in cleaning the river streams and oxygenation of the water (Halweil and Mastny, 63). Carp fish are of many different types such as common carp, grass carp among other types. Carp fish is a native fish from the Asia and Europe. Carp fish has a hurting effect on the other wild fish, this is because they interfere with the vegetation found on the sea bed, and hence other fish starve to death or migrate to other areas (Halweil and Mastny, 67). Fish farming has had a negative effect on the environment in the world. Most of the wet areas along the coast of the planets have been dried up as most of them are cleared in order to create space for putting up a fish farm. The mangrove vegetation is cut down for easy flow of water (Halweil and Mastny 2008). It is known that fish

Robert Hughes Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American :: Hughes Robert Essays

Robert Hughes' Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American Robert Hughes, a native Australian, spent twenty years in the United States and assumed many traits that are typical of Americans before publishing Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of America. His evaluation finds that America is a country more focused on appearance than reality. Americans would rather complain than change. Instead of analyzing the problem of American culture, Hughes attempts to present himself as an ideal critic, scholar, and journalist. He seems more concerned with reputation that academics. Like the work of Alexis de Tocqueville, which has remained the benchmark for the study of American culture since the 1830s, Hughes wants his theories to become widely read and universally accepted. Some of Culture of Complaint is interesting and insightful, however, Hughes comes off as the ‘typical’ American that he chastises in his writing: arrogant, inconsiderate of others, and above all, full of complaints. Hughes overemphasizes America’s infatuation with political correctness, but fails to understand the real issue. It is undeniably true that â€Å"no sifting of words is going to reduce the amount of bigotry in this or any other society† (21). However, racist labels are prevalent in American society which remind minority groups of their inferior status. The professional football team in our nation’s capital is called the ‘Redskins.’ This moniker is the result of a politically incorrect past that has not been rectified. Political correctness intends to change the way we label things so that minority groups are not excluded or demeaned. Certainly Hughes would object to calling a rugby team in Australia the ‘Sydney Blackies.’ Hughes was right in understanding that political correctness will not cause dramatic changes, but racism in any form, no matter how small, is bad for society. Regardless, he spends too much time discussing this issue . Political correctness warranted more attention for Hughes than it does in the national media today. It is quite telling that only five years after its publication this material is already outdated. Throughout Hughes’ text the reader is bombarded with the tedious, albeit extensive, litany of his readings. He has â€Å"read a lot of books in the last forty-five years, since (he) became a conscious and addicted reader at the age of about nine† (107). However, instead of writing about works he is familiar with, he should write about what he has learned from undertaking this honorable hobby. Robert Hughes' Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American :: Hughes Robert Essays Robert Hughes' Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American Robert Hughes, a native Australian, spent twenty years in the United States and assumed many traits that are typical of Americans before publishing Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of America. His evaluation finds that America is a country more focused on appearance than reality. Americans would rather complain than change. Instead of analyzing the problem of American culture, Hughes attempts to present himself as an ideal critic, scholar, and journalist. He seems more concerned with reputation that academics. Like the work of Alexis de Tocqueville, which has remained the benchmark for the study of American culture since the 1830s, Hughes wants his theories to become widely read and universally accepted. Some of Culture of Complaint is interesting and insightful, however, Hughes comes off as the ‘typical’ American that he chastises in his writing: arrogant, inconsiderate of others, and above all, full of complaints. Hughes overemphasizes America’s infatuation with political correctness, but fails to understand the real issue. It is undeniably true that â€Å"no sifting of words is going to reduce the amount of bigotry in this or any other society† (21). However, racist labels are prevalent in American society which remind minority groups of their inferior status. The professional football team in our nation’s capital is called the ‘Redskins.’ This moniker is the result of a politically incorrect past that has not been rectified. Political correctness intends to change the way we label things so that minority groups are not excluded or demeaned. Certainly Hughes would object to calling a rugby team in Australia the ‘Sydney Blackies.’ Hughes was right in understanding that political correctness will not cause dramatic changes, but racism in any form, no matter how small, is bad for society. Regardless, he spends too much time discussing this issue . Political correctness warranted more attention for Hughes than it does in the national media today. It is quite telling that only five years after its publication this material is already outdated. Throughout Hughes’ text the reader is bombarded with the tedious, albeit extensive, litany of his readings. He has â€Å"read a lot of books in the last forty-five years, since (he) became a conscious and addicted reader at the age of about nine† (107). However, instead of writing about works he is familiar with, he should write about what he has learned from undertaking this honorable hobby.

ASEAN Integration by cultural and Literal Development Essay

â€Å"PASUC socio cultural and literary development towards ASEAN Integration† How does PASUC socio cultural and literary development can be a way towards ASEAN Integration? (Not yet done) Progress. A very immense word, hard to achieve and a very high goal for 3rd class countries. Seven thousand and a hundred seven islands called Philippines are bounded with a gift from God in the form of knowledge and wisdom. It has been achieved through the pains, sweat and blood of our forefathers. At times like this where economic discrepancy is being a crisis in all the parts of the globe, our knowledge needs improvement. This leads to new disputes that have given our generation an endeavour to strive more to achieve socio cultural and literary development; making progress towards ASEAN Integration. Literary and socio cultural development offers a great opportunity not only to oneself but also to the country in different terms to make Philippines globally competitive. Achieving such development requires a lot of effort since community should be first educated on what the integration entails so entrepreneurs can maximize the benefits of free trade. The Integration is expected to boost investments, job creation, and incomes in the region. While the ASEAN Integration is expected to level the playing field among industries in the region, it is also expected that Philippine firms should brace for an intense competition with their ASEAN counterparts. An intense competition will therefore raise the bar for innovation, quality and productivity, which will enable businesses to compete head on with other players. To be able to compete to neighbouring countries in Asia, Philippines in terms of economic factor, we should be literate and socio cultural aware. Starting from our University can create such big change. Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges indeed hones students to be more knowledgeable by introducing programs that develops literacy. For example, conducting contests and trainings that levels up wisdom of students. Literacy and socio cultural awareness gives Filipinos confidence in facing not only local employers but also abroad. This is evidenced by Filipinos all over the globe standing out in their chosen career. Since ASEAN or Association of South East Asian Nation is one of the highest organizations here in Asia, it is an honour and a great privilege to be the part of the said integration. Again, the young and the  middle class are the drivers of growth. However, we cannot capitalize on these opportunities if we do not do the right things. In the case of the Philippines, we need to invest in educating our young people. That is the challenge for the PASUC – to become a catalyst for integration itself. It will be a more daunting challenge for smaller sections like Universities but this is where the=government can step in to facilitate the sharing of information. It is at this point in time that the vital role of PASUC as well as the students must come to the fore by being the instrument in influencing people in embracing and promoting socio cultural and literary development through University honing for achieving positive results that constructs a bridge to ASEAN integration. Particularly, the school must engage in enforcing the application of higher quality of education and trainings. Not only PASUC must tighten the grip to the goals but also the Filipinos themselves. Cooperation and teamwork can make this happen, for one voice might be a whisper but a thousand whispers make a big ROAR.

What Is Spirituality Or Religion - 1265 Words

What is spirituality? And is it only related to religion? It is hard to answer these questions as there are a lot of definitions of spirituality and what is it related to. For some people, spirituality has no meaning outside the circle of the religion. On the other hand, some people say that spirituality can exist inside the religion and also outside the religion. People should stop relating spirituality to only religion. Instead, people should know the true meaning of spirituality outside the circle of the religion as it will open doors for knowledge and have a butter understanding and better life. In the United States, religion is frequently equated with spirituality or a personal relationship with God According to the sayings of Imam Ali in â€Å"Path of Eloquence†, a man who submits to the will of God had made a wise choice. Since this amazing creature called human being was created by God, he should use his senses in a good way that pleases his God. Imam Ali†™s words say that a man should practice his life in such a manner that other people will love him during his life, remember him, and say good things about him after he dies. This supports the fact that Islamic spirituality and faith can be practiced outside of the religion and amongst people. Further more, Imam Ali speaks and teaches us about faith. Most of Ali’s teaching is not directly related to religion and God. For example, Imam Ali speaks about justice in terms of faith. People have to be fairShow MoreRelatedWhat Purpose Does Religion Serve? Why Does Religion Continue1215 Words   |  5 PagesWhat purpose does religion serve? Why does religion continue to play an important role in human life? Koenig (2009) declared that atheism is rare, and rather, 90% of the world’s population practices religion or spirituality. Religion and spirituality have ambiguous meanings and are not universally defined. 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Using this theory as basis one might conclude that religion and spirituality are synonymous in concept. This b egs the question: